Limbajul C (Incepatori - Mediu) Romana

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CUPRINS _______________________________________________________________________ i
Cap 1 INTRODUCERE ?N LIMBAJUL C _____________________________________________4
1.1 Scurt istoric_________________________________________________________________4
1.2 Forma unui program C _______________________________________________________8
1.3 Compilarea unui program C___________________________________________________9
Cap 2 Tipuri, operatori, expresii_____________________________________________________11
2.1. Tipuri simple ______________________________________________________________11
2.2. Literali ___________________________________________________________________12
2.3. Declararea unei variabile ?i a unei constante ____________________________________13
2.4. Operatori _________________________________________________________________14
2.4.1. Operatori aritmetici ______________________________________________________15
2.4.2. Operatorii rela?ionali (de compara?ie) ________________________________________15
2.4.3. Operatori logici _________________________________________________________16
2.4.4. Operatori la nivel de bit ___________________________________________________16
2.4.5. Operatorul de asignare ____________________________________________________16
2.4.6. Operatorul condi?ional ____________________________________________________17
2.4.7. Operatorul virgul? _______________________________________________________17
2.4.8. Preceden?a operatorilor ___________________________________________________18
Cap 3 FUNCTII _________________________________________________________________19
3.1. Definirea unei func?ii _______________________________________________________19
3.2. Returnarea unui apel _______________________________________________________20
3.3. Func?ii cu un num?r variabil de parametri _____________________________________20
3.4. Sf?r?itul execu?iei unui program ______________________________________________20
3.5. Apelul ?i transmiterea parametrilor ___________________________________________21
3.6. Func?ia principal? main _____________________________________________________22
Cap 4 FUNC?II DE INTRARE IE?IRE______________________________________________24
4.1.Fluxuri ?i fi?iere ____________________________________________________________24
Semnifica?ia __________________________________________________________________26
4.2. Func?ii de intrare/ie?ire pentru caractere_______________________________________27
4.3. Scrierea cu format__________________________________________________________28
4.5. Citirea cu format___________________________________________________________32
Cap 5 INSTRUC?IUNI DE CONTROL ______________________________________________35
5.1. Instruc?iunea if ____________________________________________________________36
5.3. Instruc?iunea while_________________________________________________________38
5.4. Instruc]iunea do ... while ___________________________________________________39
Gheorghe GRIGORA?
ii
5.5. Instruc?iunea for ___________________________________________________________39
5.6. Instruc?iunea break ________________________________________________________41
5.7. Instruc?iunea continue _____________________________________________________42
5.8. Instruc?iunea go to_________________________________________________________42
5.9. Exerci?ii __________________________________________________________________43
1. Calculul factorialului. _____________________________________________________43
2. Conversie _________________________________________________________________43
3. Num?rarea bi?ilor 1 ?ntr-un num?r ______________________________________________43
4. Prezentare de date __________________________________________________________43
5.10. Solu?ii la exerci?ii _________________________________________________________43
1. Calculul factorialului ________________________________________________________43
2. Conversie _________________________________________________________________44
3. Num?rarea bi?ilor 1 ?ntr-un num?r ______________________________________________45
4. Prezentare de date __________________________________________________________45
Cap 6 TABLOURI ?I POINTERI ___________________________________________________47
6.1. Pointeri___________________________________________________________________47
6.2. Tablouri cu o dimensiune ____________________________________________________48
6.2.1. Referen?ierea unui element al tabloului _______________________________________48
6.2.2. Ini?ializarea unui tablou ___________________________________________________48
6.3. Rela?ia ?ntre pointeri ?i tablouri ______________________________________________50
6.4. Opera?ii aritmetice cu pointeri _______________________________________________51
6.5. ?iruri de caractere _________________________________________________________51
6.6. Tablouri cu mai multe dimensiuni ____________________________________________51
6.7. Tablouri de pointeri ________________________________________________________53
6.8. Pointeri ?i alocarea memoriei_________________________________________________54
6.9. Operatorul “sizeof” ________________________________________________________55
6.10. Pointeri c?tre func?ii _______________________________________________________55
6.11. Exerci?ii _________________________________________________________________57
6.12. Solu?ii ___________________________________________________________________57
Cap 7 CONSTRUIREA DE NOI TIPURI _____________________________________________59
7.1. Redenumirea unui tip _______________________________________________________59
7.2. Tipul structur? ____________________________________________________________60
7.3. Accesul ?i ini?ializarea c?mpurilor unei structuri ________________________________61
7.4. Structuri autoreferen?iate ___________________________________________________61
7.5. Tipul enumerare ___________________________________________________________63
7.6. Uniuni____________________________________________________________________63
7.7. Exerci?ii __________________________________________________________________65
7.8. Solu?ii ____________________________________________________________________66
Cap 8 GESTIUNEA MEMORIEI ___________________________________________________70
Programare_ Limbajul_C
iii
8.1. Precizarea unui mecanism de memorare _______________________________________71
8.2. Gestiunea automat? a memoriei ______________________________________________71
8.3. Gestionarea “register” a memoriei ____________________________________________71
8.4. Gestionarea static? a memoriei _______________________________________________72
8.5. Variabile globale ___________________________________________________________72
8.6. Declararea variabilelor externe _______________________________________________72
8.7. Gestiunea dinamic? a memoriei_______________________________________________73
8.8. Exerci?ii __________________________________________________________________73
8.9. Solu?ii ____________________________________________________________________74
Cap 9 CONVERSIA DE TIP _______________________________________________________76
9.1. Mecanisme de conversie ____________________________________________________76
9.1.1 Conversia la asignare _____________________________________________________77
9.1.2 Evaluarea expresiilor aritmetice _____________________________________________77
9.1.3. Evaluarea expresiilor logice________________________________________________78
9.1.4 Conversii explicite _______________________________________________________78
9.1.5 Conversie de pointeri. Pointerul universal _____________________________________79
Cap 10 PREPROCESORUL________________________________________________________80
10.1 Directive preprocesor ______________________________________________________80
10.1.1 Constante simbolice. Directiva #define ______________________________________81
10.1.2 Includerea fi?ierelor _____________________________________________________81
10.1.3 Compilare condi?ionat? ___________________________________________________82
10.1.4 Directiva #error ______________________________________________________82
10.2 Macroinstru?iuni __________________________________________________________83
10.2.1 Macroinstruc?iuni predefinite ______________________________________________83
10.2.2 Macroinstruc?iuni tip func?ie_______________________________________________83
Cap 11 EXERCI?II_______________________________________________________________84
BIBLIOGRAFIE_________________________________________________________________86
ANEXA ________________________________________________________________________87
Biblioteca standard C __________________________________________________________87
Codul ASCII __________________________________________________________________90

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